Thermal power plants, heat energy and heat production (Biomass-based power & heat generation, biomass combustion power systems, biomass gasification power systems, biomass-fueled internal combustion engines & gas turbines, polygeneration of electricity, heat & chemicals, biomass boilers & heating systems). Biomass-based fuel cell systems (overview, biomass integrated gasification-solid oxide fuel cell systems, biomass integrated gasification-proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems, fuel cell systems fed with liquid biofuels). Biorefineries (overview, energy inputs to basic biorefinery steps, biorefinery feedstock).